Glowing Beyond Boundaries: Understanding Skin Pigmentation and Aesthetic Treatments
Dr Helen and Rachel often get asked about aesthetic treatments for skin pigmentation at their Newcastle Aesthetics clinic. So, today we will be discussing the topic of pigmentation caused by sun damage and how SPF can be used as a preventive measure against it.
What is pigmentation from sun damage?
Pigmentation is the coloration of the skin. It is caused by melanin, which is produced by specialized skin cells called melanocytes. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes determine the colour of our skin. When our skin is exposed to the sun, melanocytes produce more melanin to protect the skin from UV radiation. This is what causes us to tan.
However, prolonged exposure to the sun can cause damage to the skin and lead to uneven pigmentation, commonly referred to as sun spots or age spots. These spots are caused by an overproduction of melanin in specific areas of the skin. They are usually more prevalent in areas that are regularly exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and hands.
What types of pigmentation are caused by sun damage?
There are various categories of pigmentation, each with its own specific characteristics and causes. These categories include:
Melasma: Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder that typically appears on the face. It is characterized by brown or gray patches on the skin, which are caused by an overproduction of melanin. Melasma is often linked to hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menopause, but it can also be triggered by sun exposure. Sun exposure can exacerbate melasma by stimulating the production of melanin in the affected areas.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH): PIH is a type of pigmentation that occurs after the skin has been inflamed or injured. It is often seen in people with acne or other skin conditions that cause inflammation. PIH appears as dark brown or black spots on the skin and can be worsened by sun exposure. Sun exposure can cause the skin to produce more melanin, which can make the dark spots more pronounced.
Solar lentigines: Solar lentigines, also known as sun spots or liver spots, are flat, brown spots that appear on areas of the skin that have been exposed to the sun. They are more common in older people and are caused by an accumulation of melanin in the skin. Sun exposure can make solar lentigines worse by causing the spots to become darker and more numerous.
Freckles: Freckles are small, flat, brown spots that appear on the skin, especially on the face, arms, and shoulders. They are caused by an overproduction of melanin in response to sun exposure. Freckles can become more pronounced with sun exposure, leading to an uneven appearance of the skin.
Why does sun damage cause hyperpigmentation?
When the skin is exposed to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, it triggers the production of a pigment called melanin. Melanin is produced by special cells in the skin called melanocytes. These cells produce and distribute melanin to surrounding skin cells in order to protect them from further damage caused by UV radiation.
Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen, absorbing UV radiation and converting it into heat. This helps to prevent damage to the DNA in skin cells, which can lead to skin cancer and other skin conditions. Melanin also gives the skin its color, which is why people with more melanin in their skin tend to have darker skin tones.
With repeated sun exposure, the skin produces more melanin in order to protect itself from further damage. This can lead to the development of dark spots or hyperpigmentation, especially in areas that are regularly exposed to the sun, such as the face, arms, and hands.
The amount and type of melanin produced by the skin depends on various factors, including genetics and sun exposure. People with darker skin tones tend to have more melanin in their skin, which helps to protect them from the harmful effects of UV radiation. However, even people with darker skin tones can develop pigmentation disorders if they are exposed to excessive sun or other factors that damage the skin.
Can sun damage be stopped?
Overall, sun exposure is a significant factor in the development and exacerbation of pigmentation disorders. To prevent the worsening of pigmentation disorders, it is essential to protect the skin from the sun's harmful UV rays by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding prolonged sun exposure.
Now that we have an understanding of what causes pigmentation, we can discuss how we can prevent it. The most effective way to prevent pigmentation is to protect the skin from the sun's harmful UV radiation. This can be done by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding prolonged exposure to the sun.
There are various types of SPF available, each with its own characteristics and benefits. Here are some of the most common types of SPF:
Chemical sunscreens: Chemical sunscreens work by absorbing UV radiation and converting it into heat, which is then released from the skin. They usually contain a combination of organic compounds, such as avobenzone, oxybenzone, and octinoxate. Chemical sunscreens are typically easy to apply and can provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation. However, some people may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when using chemical sunscreens.
Physical sunscreens: Physical sunscreens, also known as mineral sunscreens, work by forming a physical barrier on the skin that reflects and scatters UV radiation. They usually contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, which are natural minerals. Physical sunscreens are typically better tolerated by people with sensitive skin and are less likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. However, they can be more difficult to apply and may leave a white cast on the skin.
Combination sunscreens: Combination sunscreens combine chemical and physical filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation. They are designed to provide the benefits of both types of sunscreens while minimizing their drawbacks.
Water-resistant sunscreens: Water-resistant sunscreens are designed to remain effective even after exposure to water or sweat. They are usually labeled as either "water-resistant" or "very water-resistant." However, it is important to note that no sunscreen is completely waterproof, and it is still necessary to reapply sunscreen regularly when swimming or sweating.
Tinted sunscreens: Tinted sunscreens provide a light coverage that can help even out skin tone and provide some protection against UV radiation. They are usually available in a range of shades to match different skin tones.
It is important to choose an SPF that provides broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB radiation and to use it regularly, especially during prolonged sun exposure. The type of SPF that works best for you will depend on your individual skin type and preferences. It may be helpful to try different types of SPF to find one that suits your needs.
What treatments are available for sun damage and pigmentation?
There are several treatments available for hyperpigmentation and sun damage, including:
Topical treatments: There are many over-the-counter and prescription topical treatments available for hyperpigmentation and sun damage. These include products containing hydroquinone, retinoids, vitamin C, and niacinamide. These ingredients work by inhibiting the production of melanin, reducing the appearance of dark spots and improving skin texture.
Chemical peels: Chemical peels involve the application of a chemical solution to the skin, which exfoliates the outer layer of dead skin cells and stimulates the growth of new, healthier skin. This can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots and improve skin texture.
Microdermabrasion: Microdermabrasion is a non-invasive procedure that uses a special device to gently exfoliate the outer layer of the skin. This can help to improve the appearance of sun damage, fine lines, and uneven skin tone.
Laser treatments: Laser treatments use focused beams of light to target and break up pigmented areas of the skin. This can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots and improve skin texture.
Mesotherapy: There are new solutions, recently developed, that have amazing ingredients to reduce pigmentation. These solutions are usually microneedled into the affected skin.
In conclusion, pigmentation caused by sun damage can be prevented by protecting the skin from UV radiation. There is no doubt that UV exposure makes all types of skin hyperpigmentation worse. We also know that UV rays are contributing factors to many different skin cancers, therefore, it's important to consult with a dermatologist if you are experiencing any changes in your skin colour or texture.
